If the universe is expanding faster than light and the galaxies move faster the further away they are, then how did the light from the furthest galaxies catch up to us

The concept that the universe is expanding faster than the speed of light can be a bit counterintuitive, but it's essential to understand that this expansion doesn't violate the theory of relativity. Here's a simplified explanation:

Cosmic Expansion: The universe is indeed expanding, and the galaxies are moving away from each other. The expansion is not because galaxies are moving through space like objects on a conveyor belt; rather, it's the space itself that is expanding, causing galaxies to move apart. This expansion is described by the Hubble's Law.

Limit of the Speed of Light: According to Einstein's theory of relativity, nothing with mass can travel through space faster than the speed of light in a vacuum (approximately 299,792,458 meters per second). However, this limit applies to objects within space. The expansion of space itself does not have the same limitation.

Light Travel: Light from distant galaxies also travels through space. As the space between us and those galaxies expands, it stretches the wavelength of the light (a phenomenon known as cosmological redshift). This stretching means that the light is effectively losing energy as it travels. As a result, light from very distant galaxies may appear redshifted and dimmer by the time it reaches us.

Observable Universe: The observable universe is the part of the universe from which light has had enough time to reach us since the Big Bang. While some galaxies are moving away from us faster than the speed of light due to the expansion of space, the light from these galaxies had a head start when the universe was smaller and the expansion rate was slower. This light eventually reaches us, albeit redshifted and dimmed.

It's important to note that while some regions of space are receding from us at speeds greater than the speed of light due to the cosmic expansion, this does not violate the theory of relativity. Objects within our local environment (like planets, stars, and galaxies) still obey the speed limit imposed by the theory of relativity. However, the expansion of the universe itself is not constrained by this limit.

In summary, the light from the furthest galaxies reaches us over vast periods of time, and while the expansion of space can cause the light to become redshifted and dimmer, it doesn't violate the speed of light as it is the space itself that is expanding.